Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Business law - Essay Example 150). The Islamic doctrine would however not apply under the CISG because the convention overrules application of regional laws in international transactions (Schaffer, Agusti and Earle, p. 120). In the case, Bende made a contract with Ghanaian government for deliverables at a price of $ 158500. He then subcontracted to Kniffe who was to deliver the goods at $ 95000. Kniffe however failed to make delivery as the carrier train had derailed. Kniffe’s claim that the contract had been rendered impracticable is valid because the train wreck was unforeseeable and beyond his control. However, the performance is not excused because of the no force majoure clause that was contained in the contract sustains liabilities. The wreck was however unforeseeable (Fox, p. 143). Bende would be entitled to damages of $ 44685. This would include lost profit to which he would be entitled. This is due to compensatory damages doctrine that provides for a party’s restoration to the position he would have been had a contract been fulfilled. This includes profitability (Fox, p. 60). If the parties had agreed that Kniff would merely ship the goods then the risk would shifted from Kniff to either the buyer of Bende, depending on the original contract because property would have transferred to him (Schaffer, Agusti and Earle, p. 728). The importer is likely to win the case. This is because of two factors, the open price term of the contract and the force majoure clause that applies to contracts that have been rendered impossible. Under the open price term, the distributer is bound by the contractual terms that were entered into during contract formation. The force majoure clause also suspends any liability over contractual obligations when activities have been rendered commercially impossible. Adversely unfavorable currency fluctuation, being identified as a factor towards the clause, therefore releases both parties from any liability from the contract. Consequently, the

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Example for Free

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Dying in War: Implications for the family, the community and the social worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes mixed reactions and views from a community. For some, it a blessed release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they lose a loved one. What remains constant however is the grief, bereavement and loneliness experienced by those left behind. Even more so when death was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of war, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes through many stages, each stage more difficult that the last. While most people generally manage to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and Second World Wars, the knock of the postman was a thing of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and fathers of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the death or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military personnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111). Parents who suddenly lose their children such as what happened to most wartime mothers with adult sons usually have a harder time coming to terms with the death of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and feelings of helplessness and anger can be intense. There is a common belief that something is wrong when a parent buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and everything just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is not right that parents should survive their children is often the thought that haunts bereaved parents. What role do social workers play in times of war and terror? Social problems are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social workers job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service provision to special parts of the population and mental illness. All these problems call for leadership attention and trained intervention (p. 62). No situation can put all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community deal with the sudden losses of loved ones in combat. In addition to this, they should also be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to come back home but exist with scars that are not only physical but also mental and emotional. The events of September 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts. There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, people who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden death can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith Reynolds, 2002). Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence. This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and subsequent nightmares. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. : Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by bad men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith Reynolds, 2002). The difficulty that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong hope that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic nature of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson believe that the manner of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller Thompson, 2003). If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound sense of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers must be prepared for instances that do not adhere to such models. In Stephens case while he did not directly lose any of his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another human beings death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army. This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in order to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disorder that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day. Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguous issue. In the Vietnam War, many people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourning or holding out hope for their loved ones return (Worden, 2003, p. 40). In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may sound like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and therefore refuse to give way to grief and acceptance. Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose marriage was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in The Progressive, she relates how her once happy marriage with one of the militarys mortar platoon commanders started heading downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of support for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did. Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of duty only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The tab so far: more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualties, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women struggling with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman, 2007). The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker. While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, healing and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular case, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community. Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a grief overload that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social system can provide a network of support. Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a safe place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all thats necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people recognize and understand what problems they may have. Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the communitys demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may assist troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds. Much as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on. This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they should do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than ones own (Tsui Cheung, 2003) References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental Health Recovery Paradigm: Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , Benasutti, K. M. (2004). Life after Death: Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001127890 Smith, S. , Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002560442 Tsui, M. , Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism: What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=108479290

Essay --

Develop a Personal Disaster Plan A natural disaster is any event that is caused by the force of nature on environmental factors that has catastrophic consequences. Natural disasters include: avalanches, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, impact events, landslides, mudslides, tornadoes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions [1]. I live in the state of Missouri and based on the geographical location it is frequently affected by natural disasters like Ice storms, tornados, severe storms, and flooding. Since the year 1990, Missouri has recorded more than 30 federal disaster declarations. Local government keeps track of disaster information locally and it is the responsibility of State Emergency Management Agency to work with the local government to make sure that they get all the information needed and then they integrate all the information and send it to the governor. Based on the intensity of the event, the governor may request the president to issue an emergency disaster declaration. [2] Advance Preparation: Preparing for the disaster in advance might save your life. So, it’s always a wise thing to prepare in advance. My steps are: †¢ Designing a floor plan for my apartment, this makes me aware of the doors and windows to get out of the building during emergency. †¢ Creating an emergency contact of a person who is residing out-of-state and name that person as ‘ICE’ in my phone’s contact list, because whenever we are involved in an accident the officials might call to that ‘ICE’(In Case of Emergency) contact. †¢ Registering to weather alerts and being aware of the climatic conditions. †¢ Keeping the first aid kit in an emergency location in your house. †¢ In case of tornados, planning a location which is beneat... ...t locate a restore point, so that all the members of the family meet at this point after the disaster. †¢ Periodic drills must be done to ensure that, all the members of family execute their plan as planned. †¢ Talk to the children’s school officials asking for disaster plan when the disaster hits during school hours. If they are not made support them by giving your own ideas. †¢ Update and discuss the plan with all the members of the family once a year. REFERENCES: 1. Natural Disaster. (2014). Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.hccmis.com/international-insurance-definitions/#N 2. SEMA. Declared Disasters in Missouri. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://sema.dps.mo.gov/maps_and_disasters/disasters/ 3. Family Disaster Plan and Personal Survival Guide. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/oes/docs/FamilyDisasterPlan.pdf

Home Rule :: Essays Papers

Home Rule During the time of England’s dominance of Ireland, the citizens of Ireland desperately sought to be free of England’s rule. Because of Ireland’s longing, the Home Rule Movement (HRM) came into existence. In Irish and English history, Home Rule is defined as a political slogan adopted by Irish nationalist in the 19th century to describe their objective of self-government for Ireland (â€Å"Home Rule†). The Home Rule Movement started in 1870 and ended in 1922. Isaac Butt and Charles Parnell led the movement (Home Rule). Because the Irish were insistence in obtaining their freedom, the Home Rule movement caused the following events to occur: The Easter Uprising, an increase in attendance of the Irish Republic Treaty (IRA), the founding of the Sinn Fein, and the Irish Free State. During the HRM, three Home Rule bills were produced and promptly rejected. Ultimately, the fourth Home Rule Bill ended in victory in 1922 (â€Å"Home Rule†). As a result of the Irish having to engage in a difficult and long-fight battle for their independence from England, the people of Ireland began to cause anarchy. This anarchy was known as the Easter Uprising. The Easter Uprising started in April 1916, the day after Easter (Easter Rising) and occurred because Ireland believed the British’s government was devoting sufficient attention to the needs of the people of Ireland (â€Å"Easter Rising†). On the other hand, Britain felt the Irish weren’t worthy of becoming self-governing. The British felt superior to the Irish and thought of them as filthy people who needed to be segregated and taught how to behave properly (â€Å"Home Rule†). There were a couple of groups that helped in the developing the Easter Uprising. There was a group called the Irish Republican Brotherhood whose goal was for Ireland to have independence (Easter Rising). Independence appeared to be on the minds of many Ireland citizens. This group consisted of 2,000 members who kept their plans hidden (â€Å"Easter Uprising†). Another group called the Irish volunteers consisted of about 200,000 men but, only 3,000 took part in the Easter Uprising (Easter Uprising).

The Effect Of Cryotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter summarizes the major findings, restrictions, deductions in the field of nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing research and recommendations for farther research. The survey was conducted with the aims to place the effectivity of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis in Families for kids, Coimbatore. A quasi experimental, pretest post-test with control group design was adopted for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose the samples for the survey. Entire figure of samples selected for the survey was 30. The selected samples were indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command group instead. Initially the degree of spasticity and manus map was measured utilizing Ashworth graduated table and Zancolli categorization manus map graduated table before intercession. For experimental group, cryotherapy was given for 20 proceedingss prior to passive stretching on the flexor compartment of the forearm and no intercession given to command group. The degree of spasticity and manus map were reassessed after 10 yearss. ‘t ‘ trial for depe ndant and independent samples was used to happen out the consequence of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching on the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings from the survey concluded that, cryotherapy prior to passive stretching was effectual in cut downing the spasticity and betterment in manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 1. Major FINDINGS OF THE STUDYCryotherapy prior to passive stretching was found to be effectual in cut downing the degree of spasticity and betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis The consequence shows that, there is a important decrease in degree of spasticity in experimental group when compared to the control group among kids with intellectual paralysis. The consequence shows that, there is a important betterment of manus map in experimental group when compared to command group among kids with intellectual paralysis.6. 2. RECOMMENDATIONSCryotherapy prior to passive stretching can be used as a everyday intercession among kids with intellectual paralysis. A survey can be conducted utilizing ice application prior to passive stretching on spasticity and reduced scope of gesture in lower limbs in kids with intellectual paralysis6. 3. Nursing DeductionThe wellness professionals particularly paediatric nurses have a major function in supplying compassionate attention to kids. The nurses have the duty in assisting kids for monitoring and pull offing the attention for the kids with disablements like intellectual paralysis. Cryotherapy is one of the cost effectual method to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis prior to passive stretching. Consequences of this survey have deductions in nursing instruction, nursing pattern, nursing disposal and nursing research.6. 3. 1. Nursing EducationChildren with spasticity receive assorted methods of intervention like physical therapy. To pull off the symptoms efficaciously there are many alternate therapies like hydropathy, cold therapy and other exercisings. Among these therapies cryotherapy is one of the alternate intervention. In the field of nursing instruction, disposal of cryotherapy prior to passive stretching exercisings is concerned with holistic attention of patients. Therefore, it is appropriate to integrate alternate therapies like cryotherapy into nursing course of study.6. 3. 2. Nursing PracticeNursing consists of a organic structure of cognition that is ever altering with new inventions. Integration of inventions into nursing pattern improves the quality of attention provided to paediatric population. Ice application facilitates the decrease of spasticity and helps in betterment of manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The intercession of ice application enhances the accomplishment and attempt of paediatric nurses in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map during the process. Hence, ice application can be adopted as a everyday pattern before inactive stretching exercisings in kids with intellectual paral ysis.6. 3. 3. Nursing AdministrationWhen non-pharmacological therapy progresss, the decision maker has the duty of supplying paediatric nurses with significant go oning instruction chances and enabling them to update their cognition with current research findings. The nurse decision makers must pull written policies sing the benefits of cryotherapy for cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map prior to passive stretching in kids with intellectual paralysis6.3.4. Nursing ResearchNursing research must concentrate more on the grounds based and holistic pattern by understanding the assorted techniques that can convey about important positive and psychological results for kids. The alternate therapy like ice application as one of the nursing intercession for kids with spasticity and decreased manus map which is an low-cost and effectual manner can be practiced based on research findings. The findings of the present survey can be utilized by the nurse research worker to lend to new cognition sing spasticity direction. The consequences from the present survey will assist the paediatric nurses in pull offing intellectual kids with spasticity.6. 4. DecisionCryotherapy is a non-pharmacological therapy used in the present survey to measure the degree of spasticity and manus map among kids with intellectual paralysis. The findings revealed that, cryotherapy was effectual in cut downing spasticity and bettering manus map. The therapy is besides cost effectual. Hence, the research worker concluded that, all paediatric nurses should follow this intercession in their clinical pattern to cut down spasticity and bettering manus map among kids with spastic intellectual p aralysis.

Tort Reform in the United States

Tort Reform in the United States A tort can be described as a civil immoral doing or an action that is not inevitably illegitimate, but one that makes another person suffer loss or mischief. In the US, any person who suffers a loss or any impairment has the right to reclaim the loss. Such a person is entitled to claim compensation for damages that he/she has incurred, usually in monetary terms. A tort claim is made against a person or people responsible for the injuries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tort Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tort cases may comprise such topics as product liability, wrongful imprisonment, infringement of copyright, pollution of the environment, and auto accidents among many others that qualify under the definition of a tort. Categories of tort include negligence, statutory torts, nuisance, economic torts, and intentional torts. Tort reforms in the US are simply ideas that are design ed to change the way the civil justice system works In her blog ‘Tort Deform: The Civil Justice Defense blog, Protecting America’s Access to Courts’, Justinian Lane explains tort reforms in terms of the American politics showing how the different divides between the Republicans and Democrats affect the tort reforms. She believes that tort reforms are purely an endeavor â€Å"to make it difficult for people to file injury lawsuits besides collecting reasonable amounts of money from injury suits† (Lane, 2012, Para. 1). She postulates that efforts are meant to protect the leading industries to the detriment of the public (Lane, 2012, Para. 3). Republicans, proponents of the campaign in question, judge that cases are a form of ordinances that affect the giant industries and that most industries fund the Republican Party. On the other hand, most trial lawyers are Democrats and that they fund the Democratic Party from earnings from these suits. Therefore, the su pport for tort reforms by republicans is simply to curtail the Democrats’ source of funds on the political arena. In the evaluation of this postulation for the purposes of if it can be used as an argument for tort reforms in the US, I find it lacking in depth in terms of the core purposes of tort reforms. This follows because all American people suffer civil suits for injury and damages regardless of their political affiliations. Therefore, the need for compensation cannot be pegged on ones political views (Lane, 2012, Para. 6). Stephen King’s views in the article ‘Does Tort Law Reform Help or Hurt Consumers?’ found in the journal The Economic Record of December 2010 â€Å"constructs a simple competitive model to analyze the effect of Tort reforms on consumers† (King, 2010, p. 563). The framework indicates that changes â€Å"to limit non-economic losses make consumers worse off ex ante† (King, 2010, p. 564).Advertising Looking for res earch paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, changes in financial losses translate to equivocal consequences. King explains that tort law reforms in the US are meant to place a ceiling to payments on non-economic losses ranging from between $250,000 in Kansas, Tennessee, and Montana to more than $1million in Nebraska, Indiana, and Virginia. He explains that tort reforms are aimed at reducing the number of claims made, as well as the size of claims with the sole aim of lowering insurance premiums to make other products that come along with it more affordable. This article by King is reliable in the study of tort reforms in the US because Stephen King, as an individual, is a distinguished scholar in the field of Business and Economics at the Monash University Caulfield, Victoria; Australia (King, 2010, p. 577). King’s article gives an empirical approach to the topic to prove the theory he is postulating. This therefore makes the article reliable. The article is published in the Economic Record Journal, which is a journal published by the Economic Society of Australia, which is an authority in economic matters in Australia recognized in the world over (King, 2010, p. 563). In the article ‘Public Choice and Tort Reform’ of 2005, Paul Rubin explains the origin, existence, and the future of tort law together with the need and consequences of its reform. Rubin explains that several interest groups that tend to shape tort, in its origin and reform, to meet their own agenda influence (Rubin, 2005, p. 224). He therefore approaches it from a public choice point of view to find out the public’s interest in tort reforms. He narrows the reforms down to the US in relation to the special groups’ interest. This follows because tort has been shaped up by special interest lobbying and what can be described as rent seeking by trial lawyers. The article bring s out the cost of tort on the economy. It explains that the cost of tort in relation to GDP is 2.2% of GDP, and that other costs like administrative costs and lawyer fees make up about 87% of the total tort cost ((Rubin, 2005, p. 228). This article by Rubin is reliable in explaining tort reforms in the US because it comes along with facts that it has used for its argument to reach its conclusion. The article is authentic because, for it to qualify to appear in the public choice journal, it has met all the stringent conditions for any academic articles for the purpose of publication (Rubin, 2005, p. 236). Howard Brody et.al in their paper entitled ‘Professionally Responsible Malpractice Reform’ in the Journal of Internal Medicine explores the relationship between negligence, medical malpractice, and tort reforms. The authors explain that most medical practitioners are not versed with the tort laws because they fall under a very different field, and they are too broad (Br ody, 2011, p. 808).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tort Reform in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They explain that, if medical malpractice is taken care of well, then incidences that require the intervention of tort law or action within the medical field will reduce (Brody, 2011, p. 808). The paper further explains that physician-centered tort reforms in the US are aimed at protecting physicians by limiting the number of malpractice suits filed against the practice in a bid to punish lawyers who are accused of bringing in frivolous malpractice suits. This is discovered to be used by doctors to cover them up against litigation and not necessarily to cap tort payments (Brody, 2011, p. 809). In finding out the authenticity of this paper and if it can be used as an authority for tort reforms in the US, the answer is yes. Medical malpractice, specifically physician negligence, is one of the major categories covered under the tort law and thus the need to reform tort in the US will most definitely fall within this document. The document has been prepared by Howard Brody et al who have an authority in medical matters as holders of a PhD in medicine. Therefore, he is an authority in this matter. Janelle Blake et.al explores efforts that have been made by the state to curb medical malpractice reforms in her article titled ‘The Us Medical Liability System: Evidence for Legislative Reform’, which was published in the journal Annals of Family Medicine. In the article, she evaluates the effects of previous malpractice tort reforms on malpractice payments and premiums in the US (Blake, 2006, p. 243). Her findings point out that a decrease in misconduct costs could be garnered significantly, â€Å"if non-economic damage ceilings could be put in operation on a national scale† (Blake, 2006, p. 246). Her findings also indicate that noneconomic damage and total d amage ceilings could lead to lower premiums. Further, she reveals, â€Å"statutory tort reforms were not associated with lower rates of payments† (Blake, 2006, p. 246). The study explains that increase in these malpractice premiums together with excessive rewards that litigants are paid and the fear that physicians have against litigation, have led to a rise in healthcare costs thus a threat to access to medical care in the US (Blake, 2006, p. 246). The study can be used as an authentic study material for tort reforms in the US because it tends to bring out reasons for agitation of tort reforms in the US, as well as the cost of a tort action to the economy and society as a whole. This is a scholarly article done using empirical studies to come up with the drawn conclusions. As such, it has been published in a reputable research journal.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, the articles that have been evaluated here concerning their suitability to give advice on tort reforms in the US are authentic and reliable. The conclusion follows since the sources scholarly publications with authority in their different fields. The authors of the same articles are professionals in their fields and have very high academic credentials to cap with thus making them have authority in their respective fields of study. Thus, their opinions can be counted on to advice on the said topic ‘Tort Reforms in the US’. The articles explored have been prepared with facts in hand to prove whatever theory they are trying to postulate about tort reforms. Such facts have been collected from reliable findings done over a period, and are consistent with the requirements of research. Reference List Blake, J. (2006). The US Medical Liability System: Evidence for Legislative Reform. Annals of Family Medicine, 4(3), 240-248. Brody, H. (2011). Professionally Respo nsible Malpractice Reform. Journal of Internal  Medicine, 26(7), 808-809. King, S. (2010). Does Tort Reform Help or Hurt Consumers. The Economic Record, 86(275), 563-577. Lane, J. (2012). Protecting Americans Access to the Courts. Tort Deform: The civil  Justice Defence Blog. Retrieved from tortdeform.com/ Rubin, P. (2005). Public choice and Tort Reform. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/30026711?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning Essays

Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning Essays Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning Essay Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning Essay As a course that combines both health issues, critical thinking and quantitative reasoning, there is just so much to learn. The issues tackled in this course are an important foundation to health practice, after all health is based on thinking. Apart from the workplace, other life occurrences require accurate analysis, thinking to make sure that decision-making and problem solving is done skillfully, and the best option carries the day (Gambrill, 2005). DISCUSSION Efficiency is not to be compromised in healthcare especially because you deal with life directly. Therefore, it is required that the decision made to solve a problem in the course of duty should be accurate and the best for the condition in question. Through the course, I hope to build my comprehension and thinking capabilities to analyze the data provided by the patient to administer the best prescription (Gambrill, 2005). Apart from that, quantitative reasoning skills that will be taught in the course of study will go a long way in helping in any research that may arise in the quest for rise in the academic ladder or in the line of work. Results in the health practice are pegged on the ability to recall information, consideration of probable causes, and consideration of many points of view to create the premises and arrive at the best solution, which will solve the problem. Therefore, the course will help in attaining good results in treating patients (Lindh et al, 2009). Outside the work place, life situations are tricky and require critical considerations. In that regard, I hope to improve my decision-making and problem solving skills. This will put my life on course and those who may be dependent on me in terms of parents, siblings or even my own family will gain in one way or another. Parenthood especially can use the skills that will be taught especially in negotiation and behavioral correction (Garrod, 1992). Misleading and untruthful information in the workplace and outside can lead to wrong prescription and bad decision-making. This leads to bad results. Through this course, I hope to be acquainted to the skills of validating a statement or argument that may be put across rather than following the blind path, whose result is regret and poor performance in work. This can be from the internet, friends’ advices and wrong articles that lack any scientific backing for evidence (Quackwatch, 2010). A lot is to be learned in this course. Some of the objectives are clear and can be connected directly to the work ahead. Other than that, other topics need in-depth understanding of the application and effects of the issue. For example, â€Å"what are the detrimental effects of lack of critical thinking and inaccurate analysis on treatment of patients? † is something that requires in-depth information that will create an attachment to the course knowing what its relevance is. In mind, lack of critical thinking and analysis of skills of content can lead to wrong prescription that has adverse and fatal risks to patients is a hypothesis that can be used to investigate the question stated earlier. CONCLUSION The course content has diverse applications directly in the filed of medical practice and other situations in life. It is therefore a crucial and rather interesting to be learning about thinking in the course. REFERENCES Gambrill, E. D. (2005). Critical thinking in clinical practice: Improving the quality of judgments and decisions. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Garrod, A. (1992). Learning for life: Moral education theory and practice. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Lindh W. Q. , Pooler M. , Tamparo C. , Dahl, B. M. (2009). Delmars Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning Quackwatch. (2010). Quackwatch Mission statement. Retrieved on 17th August 2010 quackwatch. com/00AboutQuackwatch/mission. html

Definition and Examples of Pet Phrases in English

Definition and Examples of Pet Phrases in English Pet phrase is an informal term for an expression frequently used by an individual in speech and/or writing. A pet phrase may be widely known (a clichà ©, for instance) or peculiar to the individual who employs it. Examples and Observations [In the 1955 movie Kiss Me Deadly] Va-va-voom! Pretty pow! is Nick the Greeks running-gag description of Hammers sports car engines, connoting both their sexual potency and explosive potential (Nick removes two bombs from the Corvette).(Vincent Brook, Land of Smoke and Mirrors: A Cultural History of Los Angeles. Rutgers University Press, 2013)Shed work as an insurance saleswoman, save up a tidy sum of money, enjoy her days off, gazing at herself in the mirror of some brand-name stores. Who I really am . . . Who I really am . . . would become her pet phrase, but after working for three years, shed finally realize that the image shed created of herself wasnt who she really was at all.(Shuichi Yoshida, Villain, trans. by Philip Gabriel. Pantheon, 2010)Whenever his conscience pricked him too keenly he would endeavor to hearten himself with his pet phrase, All in a lifetime. Thinking over things quite alone in his easy-chair, he would sometimes rise up with these words on his lips, and s mile sheepishly as he did so. Conscience was not by any means dead in him.(Theodore Dreiser, Jennie Gerhardt, 1911) Desegregation With All Deliberate SpeedLawyers promptly set to work trying to pin down the origin and significance of with all deliberate speed. And as Supreme Court materials from the Brown [v. Board of Education] years gradually become available, scholars have made a cottage industry of working out how and why the phrase made it into the Brown order. Although the Court in Brown spoke only through its Chief Justice, Earl Warren, this was actually a pet phrase of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, who had used the expression deliberate speed in five different opinions since joining the Court in 1939.(James E. Clapp and Elizabeth G. Thornburg, Lawtalk. Yale University Press, 2011)Game Changer and Thinking Outside the BoxWe have to look creatively, said stadium board Chairman Don Snyder, UNLV’s acting president. We can’t get in the way of the (convention center project). . . . There’s a tremendous scramble for limited resources.No longer was Snyder rolling out hi s pet phrase of game changer to describe the stadium wish. Now, he’s using another phrase- thinking outside the box- to describe what it will take to pay for the proposed venue.(Alan Snel, UNLV Stadium Panel Members Begin Puzzling Out Funding Solutions. Las Vegas Review-Journal, February 27, 2014) Frank Sinatras Ring-a-Ding-Ding![Sammy Cahn] and the composer Jimmy Van Heusen were commissioned by [Frank] Sinatra to write a song using Sinatras catchphrase for his first Reprise album, which was called, not surprisingly, Ring-a-Ding-Ding! The phrase- like Shakespeares Hey nonny nonny- thumbed its nose at meanings and sincerity.(John Lahr, Sinatras Song. Show and Tell: New Yorker Profiles. University of California Press, 2000)Using Pet Phrases in WritingRepeat a distinctive thought or phrase of dialogue in the story. This connects an earlier part of the story to a later one without having to rely on an overt transitional device. Television shows frequently overuse this technique, giving one character a pet phrase that he repeats ad nauseam. One way to vary the device is to give it a different meaning each time its used. On Seinfeld, all the principal characters would use the same phrase, often with a different meaning, all in the same scene, creating a device all its own.(James V. Smith, Jr., The Writers Little Helper: Everything You Need to Know to Write Better and Get Published. Writers Digest Books, 2012) Pet Expressions in 19th-Century EnglandNobody who has busied himself with watching the peculiarities of contemporary speech can have failed to notice the prevalence of pet expressions. . . . The young man of the day, in particular, has a slow and sluggish mind, and can seldom be troubled to give a careful specification of the particular person or thing which forms the topic of his conversation. He finds it answers better for his purpose to choose some simple generic term which he can use when his thoughts fail him. What the trapeze is to the acrobat, his pet expression is to the modern young man. It serves as a rest to steady himself on and to sustain him until he takes his next awkward flight. Many a fall would that young man have, many an awkward hiatus or wrongly-chosen expression would there be in his discourse was not his pet phrase always near him to be rested on half-way whenever the exigencies of his narrative become too much for his powers of speech.The conversation of the y oung lady of the period is principally remarkable for its adjectives. Unlike the young man, she has rarely any pet substantive whereby to express most things that come under her notice; it may be that she refrains to use her brothers phrases for fear of being considered slangy. But she rejoices in a curious collection of qualifying adjectives, by the aid of which she manages to make her meaning known. Anything that pleases her, from a bracelet to a sunset, is dabbed by the title of quite too lovely, while its antithesis, whether used in reference to a public calamity or a bad floor at a dance, is pronounced to be quite too dreadful. Any act of kindness bestowed upon this young person wins from her the remark that such attention is truly affecting, and with this pet phrase, and a few more lovelys and preciouses, varied and qualified by the word quite and too being prefixed to them either singly or together, she manages to rub along very well. . . .The good talker has gone out of fash ion, and would now be voted a prosy old bore; it is not the fashion to be careful about the way you express a thing, or to appear to be giving yourself much trouble in entertaining your hearers. The words of the modern young man come out in disjointed fragmentsmuch as one might expect a Dutch doll to talk was it blessed with the power of speech; his sentences seem as if they dropped out of his lips without his own volition.He has one favorite word at a time, and he wears it threadbare. If you can understand it, all the better for you; if not, you would not like to show your ignorance by asking; so the young man distinctly scores one there. His pet phrase covers his ignorance or his laziness, and he is borne along with the tide instead of having to row against the stream.(Pet Expressions. Household Words: A Weekly Journal, January 5, 1884)Also  See:   BuzzwordCatchphraseChunkColloquialismPhraseSlangVogue Word

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations Essay

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations - Essay Example It covers a wide spectrum of industrial activities such as collective bargaining, trade unionisms, and worker's participation in management, discipline and grievance management and industrial disputes and interpretation of labor laws. It, therefore, refers to the collective relationship between the employer and employees on a set of employment relationship. But researches conducted at various places across the world have concluded that the validity of industrial relations as a concept is going to decline in the near future because of the necessity of more recognition of employees at the work place by employers. The employee-employer relation in the 21st century is going to have a new outlook because of the increased need for the recognition of employees at the work place either voluntarily or by the contemplation of law. The relationship between employer and employee experienced in the past, coined as industrial relations has declined over the last few years by virtue of reasons such as change in working condition and approach of trade union. The research undertaken by CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) in 2004-05 on the changing nature of employee relations in U K organizations reveal that "Union membership and traditional union-related personnel management work has declined enormously in the last 30 years, with no prospect of a sustained re-emergence, though the re-regulation of employment and the new Employee Information and Consultation Regulations are pushing employee relations back up the management agenda"Rationale for change in the outlook The reasons for the modern perspective of employee relationship are manifold. Over the past 20 years there have been many amendments in the employment legislations, change in the methods of selection, recruitment, training, remuneration, working condition, consultation etc. All these factors have contributed to a shift from industrial relations to employee relations. Also shift in the trade union image from the earlier industrial conflict has also helped in creating and maintaining a harmonious relationship with employers which opened up opportunities for greater involvement of employees. Another factor which caused a change in the treatment of employees by employer is the changing attitude of present day employees. The modern employees and employers have a psychological contract, which implies the unwritten perceptions of the employment relationship and the degree of trust, motivation and commitment involved. Employee Relation Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale. This approach towards the employees in a changing working environment should not be conventional nor is it adversely affects the employee performance. Modern employers unanimously agree with employee relations, although a few have different opinion. The new approach from employer perspective can be justified by the following: 1. Employee attitude and commitment are strongly associated with employee performance 2. Employee involvement and consultation appear to be more strongly associated with employee satisfaction 3. The ideal mechanism to be used for employee voice includes two-way communications, project teams and joint consultation through electronic

Counseling Psychology - Proxemics and Haptics and the Impact of Essay

Counseling Psychology - Proxemics and Haptics and the Impact of Culture and Ethnicity - Essay Example Smiling, and, rocking and nodding heads are the two common aspects of interpersonal communication prevalent in this culture. Both these gestures help to create a friendly, warm atmosphere, formal enough to be suitable for any common interpersonal communication situation. Also, there are certain proxemic and haptic rules embedded in the unconscious mind of an Indian, which differ, based on gender as well as age. Respecting the elderly is a part of Indian culture. Keeping a ‘decent’ physical distance from women is also part of this culture. Hargie (p.344) has observed that â€Å"Indian culture places a very high value on acceptance, self-suppression and concern for the feelings of others.† In India, touch between a man and a woman who are not married is most often highly improper. Same sex touching is common among Muslims whereas this is not so common among Hindus (Krueger, 2008, p.6). But in this culture, even a mother will not usually embrace her adult son. And pu blic display of affection (PDA) is very minimal.

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf Essay

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf area especially on Qatar - Essay Example The high unemployment rate and the collapse of the financial institutions cumulatively limited the potential of individuals and corporations to invest. The Gulf Area experienced a period of oil-boom during the period between 2003 and 2008, a time when the economy grew by double figures. Qatar was a major distributor of oil in the world and the rising demand underpinned the increase in its sales during this period. The impact of this is that there was reduced unemployment, rise in economic class and the growth of the gross domestic product (Khamis, Senhadji, Hasan, & International Monetary Fund, 2010). On the other hand, the economic development resulted to increase in the public confidence and hence increased borrowing from monetary banks. The public’s incentive to invest and take advantage of the growing business opportunities led to the increase of loans from both public and private sector. As a result, the year 2007 marked the peak of economic debts in financial institutions. During this period also, the international monetary funds and the World Bank encouraged financial institutions to provide low interest loans for the local people to inspire investment (Siddiqi, 2013). The negative impact of this is that the potential to invest became much higher than the available business opportunities, leading to business failure. The global recession affected the world at large and this resulted to an adjustment of the world economic situation. The reduction in the value of local currencies resulted in the decline of the purchasing power. The impact that this had is that there was reduced economic exchange in the international business market. Qatar experienced a period of reduced demand for oil from western countries, which resulted to reduction into its national income. Consequently, the country experienced retarded economic growth, and the GDP

Assignment Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment Literature Review - Essay Example Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure that is performed on the person in cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation involves rescue breathing to enable provision of oxygen to the individual’s lungs and chest compressions to keep the individual’s blood circulating (Medline). Although the practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is over two and a half centuries old (CPR Stats and Facts, AHA) but still majority of the people in America are not able to perform it properly and this is the reason that the survival rate from Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is low. Peer-reviewed literature suggests that the quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitations performed in-hospital is also inconsistent. It is worth mentioning that American Heart Association had made recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC) in 1974, 1980, 1986 and 1992 and the European Resuscitation Council in 1992, 1996 and 1998 then in 2000 the International Guideli nes for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, â€Å"Guidelines 2000† were finalised and these were evidence based (American Heart Association, in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, 2000). Extant published literature has listed the following major drawbacks in traditional Cardiopulomnary Resuscitation (Murthy & Hooda, 2009): 1. Bystanders are more willing to perform chest-compression-only resuscitation for a person who unexpectedly collapses an approach that all agree is dramatically better than doing nothing. 2. Interrupting chest compressions for ventilation during cardiac arrest decreases survival. 3. Positive pressure ventilation during CPR for cardiac arrest increases intra-thoracic pressures, which decreases venous return to the thorax and subsequent perfusion of the heart and the brain. One of the leading practitioners has commented that despite its long standing existence, it is a serious problem that 70– 80% of bystanders who witness cardiac arrest are unwilling or unable to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Ewy G , 2007). Furthermore, it has been suggested that Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation may be good for patients with respiratory arrest. In light of this it is said that a new system of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation called Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR) or Continuous-chest-compression CPR (CCR-CPR) or chest-compression-only CPR or Cardiac-only Resuscitation, specially for out of hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation in adults (Ewy, 2003). The main change in Cardiocerebral Resuscitation with respect to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is that in the case of Cardiocerebral Resuscitation the chest compressions are administered nonstop. Numerous studies and significant peer-reviewed research has supports Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR). This effort of devising Cardiocerebral Resuscitation was based on the studies carried out by other researchers in the past. Such studies were aimed at performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with chest compressions alone (Hallstrom, Cobb, Johnson, & Copass, 2000). A team of researchers have posited that in the case of realistic model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, continuous chest compressions without assisted ventilations resulted in significantly better 24-hour postresuscitation neurologically normal

Work Experience as a Translator (Interpreter) Essay

Work Experience as a Translator (Interpreter) - Essay Example I worked as a translator (interpreter, in other words) during my internship at the embassy of Saudi Arabia in the United States in a medical attachà © and was responsible for translating news as well as information from English to Arabic. The internship was for two weeks during which I acquired immense knowledge about the procedures of interpreting as well as communicating information to the people of Saudi Arabia. During the internship, my task was to translate information about the medical reports of patients from English to Arabic for the Saudi Arabian people. The job of a translator or interpreter is to translate language for the purpose of convenient communication of information. There were 60 patients in the medical attachà © in the Saudi Arabian embassy of United States where I interned (Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC, â€Å"Home†). My internship as a translator or interpreter in the medical attachà © of Saudi Arabian embassy in the US helped me to gain vast knowledge about the job. My job was to interact or communicate with the overseas citizens about the patient in the embassy. I acquired knowledge regarding numerous skills pertaining to effective communication as well as the need for team work along with time management which are considered to be the essential elements for the effectiveness of the job of a translator. Individuals engaged with this job should possess good communication skills with a soft voice.

Assignment Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment Literature Review - Essay Example Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure that is performed on the person in cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation involves rescue breathing to enable provision of oxygen to the individual’s lungs and chest compressions to keep the individual’s blood circulating (Medline). Although the practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is over two and a half centuries old (CPR Stats and Facts, AHA) but still majority of the people in America are not able to perform it properly and this is the reason that the survival rate from Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is low. Peer-reviewed literature suggests that the quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitations performed in-hospital is also inconsistent. It is worth mentioning that American Heart Association had made recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC) in 1974, 1980, 1986 and 1992 and the European Resuscitation Council in 1992, 1996 and 1998 then in 2000 the International Guideli nes for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, â€Å"Guidelines 2000† were finalised and these were evidence based (American Heart Association, in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, 2000). Extant published literature has listed the following major drawbacks in traditional Cardiopulomnary Resuscitation (Murthy & Hooda, 2009): 1. Bystanders are more willing to perform chest-compression-only resuscitation for a person who unexpectedly collapses an approach that all agree is dramatically better than doing nothing. 2. Interrupting chest compressions for ventilation during cardiac arrest decreases survival. 3. Positive pressure ventilation during CPR for cardiac arrest increases intra-thoracic pressures, which decreases venous return to the thorax and subsequent perfusion of the heart and the brain. One of the leading practitioners has commented that despite its long standing existence, it is a serious problem that 70– 80% of bystanders who witness cardiac arrest are unwilling or unable to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Ewy G , 2007). Furthermore, it has been suggested that Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation may be good for patients with respiratory arrest. In light of this it is said that a new system of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation called Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR) or Continuous-chest-compression CPR (CCR-CPR) or chest-compression-only CPR or Cardiac-only Resuscitation, specially for out of hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation in adults (Ewy, 2003). The main change in Cardiocerebral Resuscitation with respect to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is that in the case of Cardiocerebral Resuscitation the chest compressions are administered nonstop. Numerous studies and significant peer-reviewed research has supports Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR). This effort of devising Cardiocerebral Resuscitation was based on the studies carried out by other researchers in the past. Such studies were aimed at performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with chest compressions alone (Hallstrom, Cobb, Johnson, & Copass, 2000). A team of researchers have posited that in the case of realistic model of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, continuous chest compressions without assisted ventilations resulted in significantly better 24-hour postresuscitation neurologically normal

The Nature of Communication Transmitting and Receiving Messages Assignment

The Nature of Communication Transmitting and Receiving Messages - Assignment Example My mother had specifically asked me to put the keys in the picnic basket and I had delegated the task to Sera. So we left the house for the picnic, all excited and it turned out later that none of us remembered to keep the keys, so we were all locked outside the house. This was discovered on our return from the picnic when we had to get in the house and my mother asked me for the keys and I asked Sera and found out that no one had kept the keys. What followed were some extremely caustic words from my mother, the thrashing seemed to be a never-ending one. I apologized and tried speaking but my mother was only asking questions and not willing to hear the answers, â€Å"You and your baseless arguments,† she said. I knew what I had done was a big mistake since we were all tired and we needed to get into the house. Moreover we had guests with us and this predicament would have reflected terribly on us, since we did not even have spare keys to the house. There was only one bunch of keys and that was locked inside the house. Getting a locksmith would have meant an utter waste of a lot of money.

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay Example for Free

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay Introduction : Beta-blockers, also known as beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-adrenergic antagonists, are drugs that are prescribed to treat several different types of conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina, some abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack (myocardial infarction), anxiety, migraine, glaucoma, and overactive thyroid symptoms. Beta-blockers block the action of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart, thus reducing stress on the heart. The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response. It is part of the autonomic nervous system. Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic substances, such as apinephrine (adrenaline) in the autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system). They slow down the heart beat, decrease the force of the contractions of the heart muscles, and reduce blood vessel contraction in the heart, brain, as well as the rest of the body. Generic Names:| Carvedilol / Metoprolol / Atenolol / Bisprolol / Propranolol / Timolol| Brand Names:| Coreg / Lopressor, Toprol XL / Tenormin / Zebeta / Inderal / Blocadren| How it is given:| Oral (tablet or capsule), intravenous (IV)| Indications : Doctors may prescribe beta-blockers for patients with tachycardias (rapid heart rates). They help patients with angina by lowering the amount of oxygen the heart muscles require. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is getting. Beta-blockers can help hypertensive patients because their effects on blood vessels lower blood pressure. Patients with hereditary tremors as well as those who suffer from migraines may benefit from taking beta-blockers. In other words, beta-blockers are known as beta- adrenoreceptor blocking agents and are used to treat: Commonly * Angina * Heart failure * High blood pressure (hypertension) * Irregular heart beat (atrial fibrillation) * Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Â  less commonly * Prevention of migraine * Thyrotoxicosis (overactive thyroid) * Anxiety * Tremor * Glaucoma (as eye drops) - The first clinically useful beta adrenergic receptor antagonist was called Propranolol. It was invented by Sir James W. Black (born 1924), a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Sir James also synthesized Cimetidine (for the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988. Propranolol revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris it is considered as one of the major contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. Mechanism of work : The use of beta blockers in heart failure is primarily associated with the medication’s effect on heart rate. The medication, by way of the sympathetic nervous system, decreases the patient’s heart rate, preventing the heart from having to work harder because of the condition. This effect was not considered desirable for heart failure patients when the medication was first studied, however. A lowered heart rate has the risk of worsening heart failure symptoms, but as research continued, beta blockers proved to have benefits that outweighed this risk. The exact etiology of the case of heart failure is of importance when a doctor is deciding whether to use beta blockers. A case that is present because of impaired ventricular filling, in contrast to a case caused by impaired ventricular emptying, seems to respond better to beta blockers in heart failure. In addition to their sympathetic action on heart muscle, beta blockers in heart failure influence the kidney’s renin/angiotensin system. Beta blocking medications cause the secretion of the hormone, renin, to decrease. As renin decreases, a cascade of events transpires that decrease the heart’s demand for oxygen. The cascade lowers extracellular fluid volume and increases the blood’s ability to hold and carry oxygen to body tissues. Beta blocker treatment can be supplemented, and is supplemented in most cases, with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that enhance this effect. Patients who have significant dyspnea — shortness of breath — while they remain at rest are among those who may not be candidates for treatment with beta blockers. Having severe dyspnea can increase the risks that are associated with beta blocker treatment. Some patients are considered hemodynamically unstable if their blood does not carry oxygen well, even under normal circumstances; these patients may not be good candidates for treatment either. Heart problems for a patient with heart problems beta-blockers can reduce the workload for the heart; so that it does not have to work so hard to supply all parts of the body with oxygen-rich blood. For people with angina, heart failure, or after a heart attack, reducing the hearts workload is crucial. Drugs Used in case of Heart Failure : * Propranolol * Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)| * | * Carvedilol (Coreg)| * | * Bucindolol (Bextra)| * | * Bisoprolol (Zebeta)| * | Side Effects : The most common side effects are: * Cold feet * Cold hands * Diarrhea * Fatigue * Nausea * Very slow heartbeat The following less common side effects are also possible: * Sleeping difficulties and disturbances * Bad dreams (nightmares) * Erectile dysfunction (male inability to achieve or sustain an erection during sex) References : Myo clinic www.Hearthealthywomen.com http://www.wisegeek.com

Prospects of Insurance | Insurance Business Analysis

Prospects of Insurance | Insurance Business Analysis This is the law of nature that people have to live and play with hazards and to some extent insurance policy can free people from those frustrations. Even if this is true, people of Bangladesh still dont prefer to insure themselves. One may think that the people of Bangladesh are risk lover; on the other hand other may contradict by saying that their low purchasing power doesnt permit them to avail insurance policy. Here we will try to find out the problems of insurance business in Bangladesh and will try to suggest some steps for overcoming these problems. What is insurance? Insurance in its basic form is defined as A contract between two parties whereby one party called insurer undertakes in exchange for a fixed sum called premiums, to pay the other party called insured a fixed amount of money on the happening of a certain event. In simple terms it is a contract between the person who buys Insurance and an Insurance company who sold the Policy. By entering into contract the Insurance company agrees to pay the Policy holder or his family members a predetermined sum of money in case of any unfortunate event for a predetermined fixed sum payable which is in normal term called Insurance Premiums. Insurance is basically a protection against a financial loss which can arise on the happening of an unexpected event. Insurance companies collect premiums to provide for this protection. By paying a very small sum of money a person can safeguard himself and his family financially from an unfortunate event. For Example if a person buys a Life Insurance Policy by paying a premium to the Insurance company , the family members of insured person receive a fixed compensation in case of any unfortunate event like death. There are different kinds of Insurance Products available such as Life Insurance , Vehicle Insurance, Home Insurance, Travel Insurance, Health or Mediclaim Insurance etc. Types of Insurance Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowners insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedents family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorize its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance damages resulting from an incident involving radioactive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain EO insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers compensation insurance replaces all or part of a workers wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowners insurance policy in the US typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owners belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owners property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as perils. Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. History of Insurance business in Bangladesh: Insurance is not a new business in Bangladesh. Almost a century back, during British rule in India, some insurance companies started transacting business, both life and general, in Bengal. Insurance business gained momentum in East Pakistan during 1947-1971, when 49 insurance companies transacted both life and general insurance schemes. These companies were of various origins British, Australian, Indian, West Pakistani and local. Ten insurance companies had their head offices in East Pakistan, 27 in West Pakistan, and the rest elsewhere in the world. These were mostly limited liability companies. Some of these companies were specialised in dealing in a particular class of business, while others were composite companies that dealt in more than one class of business. The government of Bangladesh nationalised insurance industry in 1972 by the Bangladesh Insurance (Nationalisation) Order 1972. By virtue of this order, save and except postal life insurance and foreign life insurance companies, all 49 insurance companies and organisations transacting insurance business in the country were placed in the public sector under five corporations. These corporations were: the Jatiya Bima Corporation, Tista Bima Corporation, Karnafuli Bima Corporation, Rupsa Jiban Bima Corporation, and Surma Jiban Bima Corporation. The Jatiya Bima Corporation was an apex corporation only to supervise and control the activities of the other insurance corporations, which were responsible for underwriting. Tista and Karnafuli Bima Corporations were for general insurance and Rupsa and Surma for life insurance. The specialist life companies or the life portion of a composite company joined the Rupsa and Surma corporations while specialist general insurance companies or the genera l portion of a composite company joined the Tista and Karnafuli corporations. The basic idea behind the formation of four underwriting corporations, two in each main branch of life and general, was to encourage competition even under a nationalised system. But the burden of administrative expenses incurred in maintaining two corporations in each front of life and general and an apex institution at the top outweighed the advantages of limited competition. Consequently, on 14 May 1973, a restructuring was made under the Insurance Corporations Act 1973. Following the Act, in place of five corporations the government formed two: the sadharan bima corporation for general business, and jiban bima corporation for life business. The postal life insurance business and the life insurance business by foreign companies were still allowed to continue as before. In reality, however, only the american life insurance company. continued to operate in the life sector for both new business and servicing, while three other foreign life insurance continued to operate only for servicing their old policies issued during Pakistan days. Postal life maintained its business as before. After 1973, general insurance business became the sole responsibility of the Sadharan Bima Corporation. Life insurance business was carried out by the Jiban Bima Corporation, the American Life insurance Company, and the Postal Life Insurance Department until 1994, when a change was made in the structural arrangement to keep pace with the new economic trend of liberalisation. The Insurance Corporations Act 1973 was amended in 1984 to allow insurance companies in the private sector to operate side by side with Sadharan Bima Corporation and Jiban Bima Corporation. The Insurance Corporations Amendment Act 1984 allowed floating of insurance companies, both life and general, in the private sector subject to certain restrictions regarding business operations and reinsurance. Under the new act, all general insurance businesses emanating from the public sector were reserved for the state owned Sadharan Bima Corporation, which could also underwrite insurance business emanating from the private sector. The Act of 1984 made it a requirement for the private sector insurance companies to obtain 100% reinsurance protection from the Sadharan Bima Corporation. This virtually turned Sadharan Bima Corporation into a reinsurance organisation, in addition to its usual activities as direct insurer. Sadharan Bima Corporation itself had the right to reinsure its surplus elsewhe re outside the country but only after exhausting the retention capacity of the domestic market. Such restrictions aimed at preventing outflow of foreign exchange in the shape of reinsurance premium and developing a reinsurance market within Bangladesh. The restriction regarding business placement affected the interests of the private insurance companies in many ways. The restrictions were considered not congenial to the development of private sector business in insurance. Two strong arguments were put forward to articulate feelings: (a) Since the public sector accounted for about 80% of the total premium volume of the country, there was little premium left for the insurance companies in the private sector to survive. In this context, Sadharan Bima Corporation should not have been allowed to compete with the private sector insurance companies for the meagre premium (20%) emanating from the private sector; (b) Being a competitor in the insurance market, Sadharan Bima Corporation was hardly acceptable as an agency to protect the interests of the private sector insurance companies and should not have retained the exclusive right to reinsure policies of these companies. The arrangement was in fact, against the principle of laissez faire . Private sector insurance companies demanded withdrawal of the above restrictions so that they could (a) underwrite both public and private sector insurance business in competition with the Sadharan Bima Corporation, and (b) effect reinsurance to the choice of reinsurers. The government modified the system through promulgation of the Insurance Corporations (Amendment) Act 1990. The changes allowed private sector insurance companies to underwrite 50% of the insurance business emanating from the public sector and to place up to 50% of their reinsurance with any reinsurer of their choice, at home or abroad, keeping the remaining for placement with the Sadharan Bima Corporation. According to the new rules the capital and deposit requirements for formation of an insurance company are as follows: Capital requirements: for life insurance company Tk 75 million, of which 40% shall be subscribed by the sponsors; for mutual life insurance company Tk 10 million; for general insurance company Tk 150 million, of which 40% shall be subscribed by the sponsors; and for cooperative insurance society Tk 10 million for life and Tk 20 million for general. Deposit requirements (in cash or in approved securities): For life insurance Tk 4 million; for fire insurance Tk 3 million; for marine insurance Tk 3 million; for miscellaneous insurance Tk 3 million; for mutual insurance company Tk 1.4 million; and for cooperative insurance society, in case of life insurance Tk 1.4 million, and in case of general insurance Tk 1 million for each class. The government guidelines for formation of an insurance company are: (1) The intending sponsors must first submit an application in prescribed form to the Chief Controller of Insurance for prior permission. (2) After necessary scrutiny the Chief Controller shall forward the application with his recommendation to the Ministry of Commerce. (3) After further scrutiny, the Ministry of Commerce shall submit its views to the Cabinet Committee constituted for this purpose. (4) The decision of the Committee, if affirmative, should be sent back to the Ministry of Commerce which in turn should send it back to the Chief Controller of Insurance for communicating the same to the sponsors. (5) The sponsors would then be required to apply in a prescribed form to the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies to get registration as a public liability company under the Companies Act. Memorandum and Articles of Association duly approved by the Controller of Insurance would have to be submitted with the application. (6) Once the registration process was completed the sponsors would have to obtain permission of the securities and exchange commission to issue share capital. (7) Reinsurance arrangements would have to be made at this stage. (8) After all the above requirements were fulfilled the licence to commence business under the Insurance Act 1938 is to be obtained from the Chief Controller of Insurance. Application can only be made subject to government announcements in this regard. The control over insurance companies, including their functions relating to investments, taxation, and reporting, are regulated mainly by the Insurance Act 1938 and the Finance Acts. The privatisation policy adopted in the 1980s paved the way for a number of insurers to emerge in the private sector. This resulted in a substantial growth of premium incomes, competition, improvement in services, and introduction of newer types of business in wider fields hitherto untapped. Prior to privatisation, the yearly gross premium volume of the country was approximately Tk 900 million in general insurance business and approximately Tk 800 million in life insurance business. In 2000, premium incomes rose to Tk 4,000 million in general insurance business and Tk 5,000 million in life insurance business. Up to 2000, the government has given permission to 19 general insurance companies and 10 life insurance companies in the private sector. Insurers of the country now conduct almost all types of general and life insurance, except crop insurance and export credit guarantee insurance, which are available only with the Sadharan Bima Corporation. Numerous institutions, associations and professional groups work to promote the development of insurance business in Bangladesh. Prominent among them are the Bangladesh Insurance Association and bangladesh insurance academy. Bangladesh Insurance Association was formed on 25 May 1988 under the Companies Act 1913. It is registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and has 30 members. It aims at promoting, supporting and protecting the interests and welfare of the member companies. Surveyors and insurance agents occupy a prominent position in the insurance market of Bangladesh. The surveyors are mainly responsible for surveying and assessing general insurance losses and occasionally, for valuation of insurance properties, while the agents work to procure both life and general insurance business against commission. The system of professional brokers has not yet developed in Bangladesh. However, it is a common practice of the insurers to engage salaried development officers for promotion of their insurance business. Problems of insurance business in bangladesh The insurance business in Bangladesh is facing lots of problem in every now and then. To describe the problems, we use service quality gap model. By using the model it will become more easer to understand the problms of insurance in Bangladesh. Service Quality Gap Model Managers in the service sector are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that their services are customer-focused and that continuous performance improvement is being delivered. Given the financial and resource constraints under which service organizations must manage it is essential that customer expectations are properly understood and measured and that, from the customers perspective, any gaps in service quality are identified. This information then assists a manager in identifying cost-effective ways of closing service quality gaps and of prioritizing which gaps to focus on a critical decision given scarce resources ( SERVQUAL and Model of Service Quality Gaps: A Framework for Determining and Prioritizing Critical Factors in Delivering Quality Services by Dr. Arash Shahin, Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Iran). What makes managing customer service different, as a marketing problem, from managing the standard elements of the marketing mix (product, price, pro motions, and place) is that customer service is typically delivered by front-line employees. Personnel policies, thus, have immediate marketing implications. Many retailers take this into consideration by treating employees as internal customers. According to this philosophy, management must sell their internal customers on the company and its policies in order to induce front-line employees to deliver the desired levels of customer service. Standard personnel policies that can facilitate customer service and sell the internal customers include (a) employee screening and selection, (b) training, (c) setting suitable reporting relationships, (d) goals and reward systems, (e) internal communications, and (f) generally creating a service culture. The Gap Analysis Model goes a step beyond simply reexamining each of the standard personnel policies in light of the desired customer service. The model provides specific criteria concerning personnel and management policies that complete the linkage between customer expectations and perceived service delivery. In addition, the model provides a checklist of where breaks in the chain can occur; using this checklist can provide a useful audit of service quality (See: A Service Quality Audit: Application of the Gap Analysis Model by Paul R. Messinger, University of Alberta). There are seven major gaps in the service quality concept, which are shown in Figure-1. The model is an extension of Parasuraman et al. (1985). According to the following explanation (ASI Quality Systems, 1992; Curry, 1999; Luk and Layton, 2002), the three important gaps, which are more associated with the external customers are Gap1, Gap5 and Gap6; since they have a direct relationship with customers. Gaps 1 through 6 widen or close, so does Gap 7. The authors conceptual model of service quality follows:   The key to delivering high quality service is to continually monitor customer perceptions of service quality, identify causes of service quality shortfalls, and take appropriate action to improve the quality of service (close the service gaps). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap 1. Not Knowing What Customers Expect: Based on interviews, the authors found that executives perceptions of superior quality service are largely congruent with customers expectations. Customers expectations versus management perceptions are the result of the lack of a marketing research orientation, inadequate upward communication and too many layers of management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap 2. The Wrong Service-Quality Standards: Gap 2 arises when there is a discrepancy between what managers perceive that customers expect and the actual standards that they (the managers) set for service delivery. This gap may occur when management is aware of customers expectations but may not be willing or able to put systems in place that meet or exceed those expectations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap 3. The Service-Performance Gap: Organizational policies and standards for service levels may be in place, but is front line staff following them? A very common gap in the service industry, Gap 3 is the difference between organizational service specifications and actual levels of service delivery. Service specifications versus service delivery is the result of role ambiguity and conflict, poor employee-job fit and poor technology-job fit, inappropriate supervisory control systems, lack of perceived control and lack of teamwork. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap 4. When Promises Do Not Match Delivery: Customers perceive that organizations are delivering low-quality service when a gap appears between promised levels of service and the service that is actually delivered. This gap is created when advertising, personal selling or public relations over-promise or misrepresent service levels. Service delivery versus external communication may occur as a result of inadequate horizontal communications and propensity to over-promise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap5: The discrepancy between customer expectations and their perceptions of the service delivered: as a result of the influences exerted from the customer side and the shortfalls (gaps) on the part of the service provider. In this case, customer expectations are influenced by the extent of personal needs, word of mouth recommendation and past service experiences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap6: The discrepancy between customer expectations and employees perceptions: As a result of the differences in the understanding of customer expectations by front-line service providers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gap7: The discrepancy between employees perceptions and management perceptions: As a result of the differences in the understanding of customer expectations between managers and service providers. Figure1: Model of service quality gaps (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Curry, 1999; Luk and Layton, 2002) Other Problems Service quality gap model does not provide all the problems of insurance business. There some other problems too. These problems are given below: Lack of trustworthiness: Lack of trustworthiness is one of the the major problems of insurance business in Bangladesh. Lengthy process in getting payment after any incident is the main reason of trustworthiness. Time killing behavior in payment after incidence is reducing the trust of the customers towards the insurance companies. Low income of the people: Low income and purchasing power doesnt permit the people of Bangladesh to go for an insurance policy. Practically we can easily relate the above mentioned factors. For example, in one hand the lower income of the people is creating barrier in buying insurance policy, on the other hand lack of trustworthiness makes this insurance avoiding behavior more acute. Unattractive offerings: Insurance companies are not providing attracting offerings to their customers. All the offerings are similar. There is very less variation among the offerings of differnt insurance companies. Lack of information about the insurance companies: The insurance companies are not delivering their information (regarding company and insurance policy) properly or evenly which is another problem of the insurance companies. Inefficiency in problem solving: Inefficiency in problem solving is another problem of the insurace companies. If any customer comes to then to solve some problems, they do not solve those problems efficiently. High service/processing cost : Insurance companies charges high service/processing cost from their customers. Less convincing sales people: Some insurance companies appoint sales people at a very lower cost. These sales people are not much convincing. They can not convince effectively to purchase insurance pollicy. This is another problem of insurance companies. Lengthy process to get payment after incidents: Insurance companies take a lenthy process to get payment after incidents. Sometimes they take one or two years to pay their customers. This is one of the major problems of insurance companies. Steps to overcome the problems of insurance business: The demographic trends suggest that as private insurance companies (both local and multinational) have proliferated in Dhaka city, better educated and more affluent people have gravitated to these insurance companies for insurance services. These people/clients are likely to have better information about the quality of services provided by both public and private insurance companies and their inclination to select private insurance companies suggests, implicitly, that the quality of service is better at these private firms even though their (private insurance companies) service cost is somewhat higher. Moreover, many branch operation of private insurance companies help the people to make evaluation among them and making an insurance decision in favor of those which are trustworthy. But between the private local and foreign insurance company choice, clients are mostly considering foreign private insurance companies due to its trustworthiness, experience in operation and wide area cove rage. Less number of branches of the public insurance companies may be another prime reason of not being preferred by the local clients. By definition, it might be more authentic if the clients were inclined towards the public insurance companies from trustworthiness point of view, but as statistics suggests in favor of choosing foreign private insurance firms, probably we have to be satisfied by saying that it is in many respect guided by clients psychology of getting better and prompt services. The incentive structure must also play a role in ensuring the quality services delivered by the public insurance companies. One solution is to tie part of the compensation of insurance personnel in public companies to services rendered and feedback received from clients. This, of course, is a complex issue and has implications for pay scale administration, since public bank staffs, as government servants, are paid according to certain pay structures. While beyond the scope of this paper, au thors feel that compensation flexibility is necessary to reward those who are dedicated to providing quality insurance services. If compensation adjustments cant be incorporated, benefits-including promotion, transfer in more valued branches, study leave, performance bonus and the like-could be tied to performance evaluation mechanism. There must be a formal procedure of evaluating the employees by the clients through some questionnaire type performance appraisal form. A suggestion, objection or recommendation book in the branch can be introduced where the clients can even complain or appreciate about a specific employee. Public awareness and the transparency of the high official may have a positive impact on that issue. A rating scale could also be established to rate the quality of services based on insurance companys facilities, past performance records, and clients evaluations. The rating factors and mechanisms would have to be developed on the basis of inputs from clients and t he profession. It would also be important to determine, specify, and strongly enforce the legal consequences for tampering with client records and their evaluations. This process will lead to qualifying and ranking each and every insurance company (Private and public). We think the insurance policy collection and profit margin should not be the only benchmark to position a specific insurance company. As the number of insurance companies continues to grow, it is important to develop a national capability to periodically evaluate and publicly disseminate (As University Grants Commission did for the private universities) the ratings or rankings of all insurance companies so that each service providers reputation is widely known. Armed with this information, clients can make more informed choices. In addition, as an important determination of insurance company choice, firms must invest in building their reputation/reliability which will hel