Tibet

Tibet is a quiet nation, which has never represented a danger to another country and has even been idea of as the most strict nation on the planet. Notwithstanding, Tibet was attacked and added by China in 1950. However, China states that Tibet ought to be legitimately heavily influenced by its. They contend that the Tibetans have marked reports that welcomed the Chinese to involve Tibet so as to support the Tibetans. The Chinese case to have incredibly improved the states of Tibet, bringing them such extravagances as power and streets. Regardless of these cases, China has, in all actuality, unlawfully involved Tibet, controlled Tibetans, made others escape, abused the religion of Tibet, moved numerous Chinese individuals to Tibet, butchered a large number of Tibetans, damaged the privileges of Tibetans, and attempted to camouflage what they have done by utilizing purposeful publicity. Accordingly, China must leave Tibet and offer self-sufficiency to Tibet, permitting Tibet to work f reely as they have effectively for penny! China is a neighbor to the little Buddhist nation Tibet. Tibet and China have persevered through a condition of shared regard for a considerable length of time. At different occasions China attacked Tibet, anyway Tibet likewise attacked China before. Since their commencement together there is no verification at all that Tibet was ever a piece of China (Dalai Lama 57). In the late 1940s China turned into a socialist government. After their political exchange, China at that point started to keep an eye on Tibet. Finding that Tibet had a feeble military, the Chinese moved their powers to Tibets eastern fringe and afterward assaulted without a proper notice. The Chinese manhandled Tibetan delegates and constrained them to sign an arrangement permitting Chinese soldiers to enter Tibet. The Chinese demanded that they were just in Tibet to support the individuals and to shield them from settler countries, when in actuality the Chinese were the main colonialists in Tibet (67). The Chinese said that once they had wrapped up the Tib...

Products from Organisms, Biological Systems and Processes

Plants are fundamental to life on earth since they catch light vitality and convert it into a structure †concoction vitality †usable by all creatures. Taking the straightforward atoms carbon dioxide and water, they convert these into a wide scope of vitality rich natural substances to serve their necessities yet which additionally satisfy the requirements of different living beings. All living beings are comprised of a similar fundamental biochemicals, so plants are a prepared wellspring of these staple nourishments †starches, proteins and fats, alongside other basic supplements, for example, nutrients and minerals. Of the plant species named to date (more than 270 000), around 80 000 plants are known to be palatable however just around thirty of these are developed as yield plants †wheat, rice, maize and potatoes give a greater amount of the world's food than every single other harvest combined.Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism Just as these staple nourishments, plants produce a large number of increasingly inconspicuous synthetic compounds which man and different life forms have utilized. These incorporate herbs, flavors and aromas, drinks, materials, development materials, colors, powers and medications. Some new, progressive medicines, and trusts later on, of ailments, for example, malignancy are gotten from plants, for example taxol from the Pacific yew. Items from Micro-life forms We realize that small scale life forms were first utilized in blending and heating in antiquated Sumeria around 6000 years back. The primary small scale life forms were seen by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the mid seventeenth century, yet the contribution of smaller scale life forms in blending was not perceived until crafted by Louis Pasteur in 1856. These days numerous items are created utilizing miniaturized scale life forms, including nourishments (brew, bread, cheddar, yogurt, Single Cell Protein, for example Quorn, drugs (for example anti-infection agents, for example, penicillin) and utilizing synthetic compounds that miniaturized scale life forms produce as wellsprings of vitality (for example methanogenic and other microscopic organisms delivering â€Å"biogas†, ethanol). The synthetic compounds the miniaturized scale creatures produce as a component of their digestion that make them valuable. Utilizations of Biological Systems and Processes As biotechnology has propelled, biotechnologists have utilized the creature themselves, yet natural frameworks and procedures. These advancements utilize DNA: * Enzymes: Enzymes are synthetics which accelerate natural responses. The utilization of compounds by people truly started a great many years back, yet when they were in the cells of life forms. All the more as of late it has been understood that these would work better separated from cells. Most likely the main utilization of disengaged compounds was â€Å"takadiastase† †arranged from an organism on wheat grain. * DNA fingerprinting: Each person on the planet (with the exception of indistinguishable twins) is extraordinary in view of the mix of their qualities and contrasts in enormous zones of the DNA that don't convey qualities. In the mid 1980s, Professor Alec Jeffreys, at the University of Leicester, indicated that DNA, extricated from an individual could be broken into areas utilizing proteins, at that point isolated into groups utilizing a procedure called electrophoresis. In view of likenesses and contrasts in banding designs, this strategy can be utilized in criminological science, inquiries of paternity and in the conclusion of hereditary sicknesses. Nitty gritty Notes Use of Enzymes Uses of compounds these days include: * Industrial applications: Enzymes from microscopic organisms which help to separate proteins and fats are utilized in natural washing powders. Dish washer powders frequently contain amylases to separate starch. * Food industry: Many chemicals are utilized in the creation of cheddar and by certain brewers in lager creation. In preparing, amylases are added to flour to accelerate the breakdown of starch into glucose, for use by the yeast. * Textiles: Starch has been utilized as a covering on textures to forestall harm during weaving. This can be expelled by bacterial amylases. * Medicine: Biosensors can be utilized, for example, to test an individual's blood cholesterol. Strips impregnated with proteins are utilized to test for glucose, for example in pee.

Write about the poem Famine Shadows Essay Example for Free

Expound on the sonnet Famine Shadows Essay You ought to portray what the writer expounds on and how he utilizes language to pass on the speaker’s considerations and sentiments. The sonnet, â€Å"Famine Shadows,† by Robert Dunlop is a profoundly emotive sonnet that manages the Irish starvation of the 1800s. The writer utilizes symbolism to catch the speaker’s considerations and sentiments all through, particularly the sharpness they feel towards those happier than they are. Indeed, even the title implies the discouraging idea of the sonnet, as the word, â€Å"shadows,† proposes dimness and waiting malice. Dunlop utilizes numerous savage action words in the main refrain, for example, â€Å"thundered down,† and, â€Å"battered,† to portray the happening to the starvation which passes on that it came abruptly, similar to a trap assault. It is likewise depicted as, â€Å"Like a tempest whipped up†¦ with unreasonable intensity.† This likeness utilizes pitiful false notion, as the speaker looks at the starvation to a sudden and cruel tempest. Besides, the solid descriptive word, â€Å"perverse,† represents a profound feeling of confusion and unfairness. We are informed that the speaker felt like, â€Å"skin and bone past redemption.† This surmises how sad the circumstance was, as it portrays individuals genuinely squandering ceaselessly. Dunlop continues to straightforwardly differentiate the, â€Å"Lords of grounds, castled masters,† to the, â€Å"fevered lodges of the poor.† This juxtaposition is the core of the sonnet: the speaker mourns the foul play of how the rich left the poor to endure. This ‘us and them’ demeanor is proceeded in the subsequent verse, where the speaker alludes to, â€Å"the preferences of us.† Proceeding onward to the subsequent refrain, another striking comparison is utilized to paint the articulate distress of the Irish individuals: â€Å"Workhouse doors/Gaunt as our shriveled limbs.† The modifier, â€Å"withered,† thinks about the individuals to kicking the bucket plants as opposed to people. They have become so fragile that they are losing any feeling of humankind they once had. There is even a reference to, â€Å"brimstone,† which is emblematic of the living damnation the speaker is experiencing. This torrent of emotive depictions ought to inspire sentiments of pity and outrage in the perusers. Towards the climax of the sonnet there is a tonal move, where we are persuaded there might be some expectation. The speaker recounts, â€Å"kindly spooned, worked up soup,† the primary positive component to be presented in the sonnet. In any case, even this is only a faã §ade of expectation. The speaker calls them, â€Å" â€Å"Friends† of God,† his utilization of reversed commas demonstrating that he is exhausted to the point that he is in a flash dubious of anybody that attempts to support him. The sonnet closes with a sullen line: â€Å"Which hauls us back towards/The ground from which we came.† Dunlop uncovers that passing was constantly inescapable for the speaker. Moreover, the poem’s structure is a sensational monolog where the writer composes utilizing the voice of a mysterious speaker. As far as structure the sonnet comprises of two verses and has no rhyme conspire, mirroring the turmoil of starvation struck Ireland. There are visit employments of enjambment, which makes a pressure between the grammar and the musicality. This mirrors the general pressure of the sonnet. Each line is very short, maybe an impression of the hindered future of the speaker. To close, Famine Shadows is a dull and terrible sonnet that manages one of the most disagreeable occasions in Ireland’s history. Dunlop skilfully utilizes language to let the peruser increase an understanding into the contemplations and sentiments of the speaker.

Black Boy And Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Example For Students

Dark Boy And Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay I. Unique This paper inspects the radical contrasts in scholarly topics and styles of Richard Wright and Zora Neale Hurston, two AfricanAmerican authors from the mid 1900s. The depictions of African-American ladies by each creator are differentiated dependent on explicit models from their two most noticeable books, Native Son by Wright, and Their Eves Were Watching God by Hurston. With the expectation to clarify this disparity, the self-portrayals of the two creators Black Boy and Dust Tracks on a Road are likewise broke down. Specific models from the lives of each creator are refered to exhibit the differentiating ways of life and encounters that made these incongruities, drawing matches between the creators lives and innovative undertakings. It becomes evident that Wrights awful encounters including females and Hurstons way of life as a solid, free and effective Black craftsman contributed essentially to the manners by which they decided to delineate African-American ladies and what objectives they clung to in coming to and contacting a particular crowd with the messages contained in their composition. Out of harshness and anger brought about by hundreds of years of abuse on account of the white populace, there has developed in the African-American people group, a solid custom of dissent writing. A few creators have picked up unmistakable quality for conveying wild messages of racial imbalance through writing that is convincing, adequate and articulate. One of the most remarkable creators in this characterization of writing is Richard Wright, writer of a few pieces including his most praised novel, Native Son, and his self-portrayal, Black Boy. A man fiercely restricted to and profoundly irritated by the shamefulness that is at the foundations of the African-American battle, Wright is likewise known for his cruel reactions of any creator whose work, as he would like to think, makes light of or totally overlooks the predicament looked by the African-American people group. One such creator, whose depiction of the African-American lady as a champion, in this manner blending Wrights bitterest and most profound repugnance and judgment, is African-American female, Zora Neale Hurston. Like Wright, Hurston, additionally his contemporary, was a productive craftsman, yet in a strikingly unique style, and with radically extraordinary topical messages, she wandered from the convention of harshness and anger grasped by Wright. The investigation of African-American dissent writing is valuable in fathoming the profundity of the racial predicament in America. Richard Wright 1908-1960 and Zora Neale Hurston 1891-1960, two African-American creators having the equivalent artistic period, at that point, may be relied upon to deliver comparable works, in the event that not in plot, at that point maybe, and most likely more probable, in subject. Ordinary African-American writing of this timespan, particularly that of Black guys, conveys solid messages of the bad form of bigotry, abuse and disparity in all aspects of society. Zora Neale Hurston, nonetheless, picked an inalienably extraordinary way. In the expressions of Missy Dehn Kubitschek, Their Eyes Were Watching God gives an insignia of Hurstons withdrawal from political worries for individual connections 19. This strategy has justified the exceptional analysis of Black guys, among the harshest of whom was Richard Wright. In an audit of Their Eyes Were Watching God, Wright battles that Miss Hurston can compose; however her exposition is shrouded in that effortless erotic nature that has hounded Negro articulation. A significant uniqueness of scholarly style is found when looking at both Hurstons and Wrights portrayals of female characters in their significant books, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Native Son, individually. This deviation is for the most part explicit to the creators depiction of African-American ladies. While a female is the focal character of Hurstons tale, Wright reliably depicts ladies as deterrents to the capacity of the African-American male to prevail notwithstanding the requirements made by white society. So as to find a portion of the fundamental inceptions of the totally different sexual orientation jobs in these two books, a corresponding correlation of the collections of memoirs of Wright and Hurston, Black Boy and Dust Tracks on a Road, separately, is particularly valuable. Looking at A Lady of the Letters and Bed Amoung the lentils EssayHurston has depicted a female character as a developing courageous woman, a maker of her own fate, and one who has aced the excursion for mindfulness. Says Mary Helen Washington in the Foreword of Their Eyes Were Watching God, for most Black ladies perusers finding Their Eyes just because, what was most convincing was simply the figure of Janie Crawford amazing, eloquent, confident, and profoundly unique in relation to any lady character they had ever before experienced in writing. Janie Crawford is rebellious; she resists men, yet above all, she opposes our own assumptions of what the job of an African-American lady ought to be in present day writing. VIII. End Richard Wright was inflexible in his conviction that the African-American learned people had a duty to all of America to utilize their ability to pass on the enduring of their kin to the white world, to team up with the white world in the battle against war. In reprimanding authors that didn't hold fast to his standards, Wright for all intents and purposes considered the Black female experience as nonexistent. He ascribed this to a great extent to the absence of political subjects and racial pressures in progress of numerous female Black creators, most prominently Hurston. In deciding to concentrate on subjects other than the racial situation just as those that spin around ladies, the Black female was regularly resolved to be a deceiver by the Black male, who believed her work to be contrary to his own. At first, it appears to be fairly amusing that two creators who are viewed as peers, ought to make such radically various bits of writing. One may anticipate both Wright and Hurston to have a need to communicate, their displeasure at, yet additionally their understandings of, the persecution that tormented them, their families and their partners. This was Wrights strategic; thought of it as his commitment to advise the majority, to instruct them, and in doing as such, the injuries of his adolescence developed in his work. During the time spent passing on the repulsiveness of the racial separation that undermined his own masculinity, Wright incorporated the impacts of ladies as further obstacles to his turn of events. Cautious examination of Wrights life account unequivocally recommends that these depictions of ladies resembled the characters of genuine ladies throughout his life. It is fascinating at that point to look at what contrasts in Hurstons life encouraged her to make writing that praises the African-American female and energetically depicts her quest for personality separated from the male network. Hurston was one of these resilient ladies one who endure misfortune, one who made due as a craftsman, one who made due without characterizing her personality dependent on that of a male friend. This, she chose, was deserving of composed understanding. Wright was determinedly incapable to acknowledge the African-American female as a person as an inclination, suspecting and pondering individual who had the capacity and regularly the craving to exist totally isolate from his life, or that of some other male. He never watched a free female good example and had to recognize the main ladies in his existence with negative powers and hostility. Wright and Hurston existed in independent, and totally different universes, bringing about their inability to agree on what was a suitable depiction of the African-American lady in current writing. Hurstons cognizance of the female experience, particularly that of the African-American, is a central point that separates her from her male peers, particularly Wright, whose own inability to recognize this due generally to his childhood energized his most exceptional analysis.

Porters 5 Forces for Del Monte India - Free Essay Example

Company name: Field Fresh Pvt. Ltd. (Del Monte Foods) SBU: Processed foods beverages Strategic group: Nestle (Maggi), HUL (Kissan), Dabur (Real) Industry Analysis: A. Bargaining Power of Suppliers-Low * Switching costs- low * Differentiation of inputs- low * Threat of forward integration- high * Supplier concentration- low The Porter’s â€Å"Five Forces† framework for packaged food beverage industry analysis Bargaining Power of Buyers- Low * Buyer concentration: less * Buyer Volume: low * Switching cost: low * Brand identity: strong * Ability to backward integrate: less Threat of Potential Substitutes- High * Price performance differentiation: low * Switching cost: low * Buyer propensity to substitute: high Threat of New Entrants- Medium * Brand Identity: strong * Switching costs: low * Access to distribution: tough * Proprietary product differences: low * Capital requirements: High * Access to necessary inputs: Tough Industry competitors Degree of Rivalry- High * Industry is expected to grow at CAGR of 9% * Brand identity: Strong * Switching costs: low * Product differences: low * Diversity of Competitors: high B. Key Success Factors: a) Distribution-related KSFs: * A large network of distributors Efficient and responsive supply chain * Efficient usage of Retailer shelf space as Display * Trustworthy relationship with retailers b) Marketing-related KSFs: * Top of the mind brand recall * Motivated Sales team trained in having good product knowledge * Point of Sale advertising * Special offers and bulk buy deals for retailers * Attractive and strong product packaging c) Other types of KSFs: * High product quality standards in norm with food standards and guidelines * Product innovation capabilities with respect to new product launch and time to market C. Industry’s Dominant Features: * Market size and growth rate Number of rivals: In certain product categories, such as, ketchup and sauces, the industry is dominated by a few large companies with national presence but overall it is fragmented into many small and regional companies. * Number of buyers: Market demand is fragmented among several buyers across the country and hence buyers do not enjoy much of bargaining power * Degree of product differentiation: Product of other companies is less differentiated leading to heightened price competition. * Product Innovation: Development of new and differentiated products is important D. Industry Driving Forces: * Booming modern retail Increasing globalisation of industry leading to several foreign companies foraying into India * Changes in consumer behaviour ma rked by increased health consciousness and adoption of urban and outgoing lifestyle * Burgeoning middle class with increased purchasing power SWOT StrengthReputed and trusted International BrandEntry in India with Bharti, a well-known brandHuge investment potentialHigh quality of products| Weakness Presently sales volume is too low, so difficult to retain distributors, and get new ones. Products are not available in sachets and tetra packs (lower priced), hence people put off. There are packaging issues with juices (Metal Cans)High credit period handicaps distributors. | OpportunityImmense market potential in India Increasing Income level of peoplePeople are slowly developing taste of canned juices which is good for companyPeople are liking the taste of company’s ketchup with its unique flavorsVery less competition for few products like fruit cock tail, fruit slices etc| ThreatWith more and more players entering into market, the competition has made it a price war with very low margins. Distributor confidence is very low as the products do not move as fast as competitors. Due to high credit period given to retailers, Distributor money is blocked causing them to lose interest and thus motivation to promote products on their own| Building Competitive Advantage: Resource-based view The company derives its competitive advantage from the valuable resources it has. The biggest resource that the Co is leveraging is the global product range and brand identity of Del Monte and the backing of Indian partner Bharti Enterprises further add to the credibility of the Brand in India which differentiates it from its competitors. 1. Threat to Sustainability Imitation- Local importers are importing foreign products in the same space and climbing the peak that has started flattening because of heightened competition. * Substitution- Several companies which are hitherto in contract manufacturing are forward integrating and displacing the company’s business model of importing Del Monte products and marketing in India. Private labels of retailer are yet another thre at to sustainability. * Hold-up- Tremendous amount of added value created is lost to retailers and the distributors as the Brand Del Monte is newly launched in India and it doesn’t enjoy much of bargaining power. The company has to give special offers to both the distributors and the retailers to stock the company’s products which eat into the value created. * Slack- Lack of performance-based pay leaves the company’s sales men less motivated to maximize the sales. Secondly, frequent defects in the product packaging leads to sales return causing dead stock that dissipates the added value. 2. Strategic challenges facing the company * Pan India penetration- India has a huge market potential but there is cut throat competition and price war between major FMCG players. To reach across the length and breadth of country is a formidable task in front of company. * Creating Brand awareness- Top of the mind recall for Del Monte products is still low in India despite the promotions carried out by the Co. * Building long-term relationships with the distributors and retailers- As the Co. is new in India its products are not as fast moving as its competitors leading to delayed payments from retailers to distributors and at times the payments due even go bad debt leaving the distributor in the distressed state. Thus, many dealers leave the dealership causing the disruption in the supply chain.

So now we come to the end (well… sort of)

Here I was, all set for the SAT to take its final bow  when, in a remarkable twist,  it was announced that hundreds of testing centers would be closed and the January test postponed until Feb. 20th  thanks to the blizzard about to descend on the east coast. Given that it was 60 degrees on Christmas Day in New York City and that this is the first real snowfall  of the year, I cant help but find this to be an bizarrely  coincidental  turn of events. It would seem that the SAT is not about to go quietly. That notwithstanding, tomorrow is still the last official SAT test date, and thus I feel obligated to post a few words in tribute to an exam thats had a disproportionately large impact on my life over these last few years. (Full disclosure: Im also posting this  now because Ive gone through the trouble of writing this post, and if I wait another month, I might get caught up in something and forget to post it.)    Ill do my best  not to get all mushy and sentimental.   From  time to time, various students used to  ask me hedgingly  whether I loved the SAT. It was a reasonable question. After all, who would spend quite so much time tutoring and writing about a test they didnt really, really like? I cant say, however, that I ever  loved the SAT in a conventional sense.  The test  was something I happened to be good at more or less naturally (well, the verbal portion at least), and tutoring it was something I just happened to fall  into. I didnt start out with any particular agenda or viewpoint about the test; it was simply a necessary hurdle to be dealt with on the path to college, and as I saw it, my job was to make that hurdle as straightforward and painless as possible.  To be sure, there were aspects of the tests that were genuinely interesting to discuss, and dont even get me started on the lets-use-Harry-Potter-examples-to-define-vocabulary-fests, but as I always told my students, You dont have to like it you just have to take it. What I will say, though, is something Ive heard from many tutors as well as from many students (and their parents), namely that after spending a certain amount of time grappling with the SAT, picking it apart and understanding its strengths as well as its shortcomings, you develop a sort of grudging respect for the test.  For a lot of students, the SAT is the first truly  challenging academic obstacle theyve faced the first test they couldnt  ace just by reading the Sparknotes version or programming their calculator with a bunch of formulas. For the students I tutored long-term, there was almost always a moment when it finally sank in: Oh. This test is  actually difficult. Im going to have to really work if I want to improve.  And usually they rose to the challenge.   But the interesting part is that what started  out as no more than a nuisance, another hoop to jump through on the way to college, could sometimes turn into a real  educational experience one that left  them noticeably more comfortable reading college-level material, whether or not  they got all the way to where they wanted to go.  And when they did improve, sometimes  to levels beyond what their parents had thought them capable of, their  sense of accomplishment was enormous.  They had  fought for those scores. Perhaps I lack imagination, but I just dont see  students having those types of experiences quite as often with the new test.   Thats a best-case scenario, of course; I think the worst-case scenarios have been sufficiently rehashed elsewhere to make it unnecessary for me to go into all that here. But regardless of what you happen to think of the SAT, theres a lot to be said for having the experience of wrestling with something just high enough above your level to be genuinely challenging but just close enough to be within reach.   This test has also  led me down roads  I never could have foreseen. While Ive also been primarily interested in the SATs role as a cultural flashpoint, in the way it sits right at the crux  of a whole host of social and educational issues, its also taught me more than I ever could have imagined about what constitutes effective teaching, how the reading process works, and about the gap between high school and college learning.  And Ive met a lot of (mostly) great people because of it, many of whom have become not only colleagues but also friends. I never thought Id say this, but I owe the SAT a lot. It wasnt a perfect test, but considered within the   narrow confines of what it could realistically be expected to demonstrate,  it did its job pretty well.   So on that note, Im going to say something that might sound odd: to those of you taking this last test, consider yourselves lucky. Consider yourselves lucky to have been given the opportunity to take a test that holds you to an actual standard; that gives you a snapshot of the type of vocabulary and reading that genuinely reflect what youll encounter in college; that isnt designed to pander to your ego by twisting the numbers until theyre all but meaningless.   And if youve been granted a reprieve for tomorrow,  enjoy the snow day and catch up on your sleep.

Overview And Analysis Of Aviva Insurance Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2253 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? AVIVA is a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales. We are one of the worlds leading global insurance groups. We are the fifth largest insurance group in the world, based on gross written premiums for the 2008 year. We are one of the top five providers of long-term insurance and savings products in the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain and one of the top ten providers of long-term insurance and savings products in France, Italy, Hungary and Romania for 2008  [1] CORE BUSINESS BRAND AND PRODUCTS AVIVA products are split into the categories as following: Pensions provide income in retirement for an individual and possibly his or her dependants. This products include personal and group pensions, stakeholder pensions and income drawdown. Annuities pays out regular amounts of benefit, either immediately and for the remainder of a persons lifetime, or deferred to commence from a future date. Immediate annuities may be purchased for an individual and his or her dependents or on a bulk purchase basis for groups of people. Protection protects the policyholder or his or her dependants against financial loss on death or ill-health. Bonds and savings accumulation products with single or regular premiums and unit-linked or guaranteed investment returns. Other, which includes equity release and structured settlements Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Overview And Analysis Of Aviva Insurance Company Finance Essay" essay for you Create order REVENUE The most revenue of AVIVA is long-term insurance and savings business This revenue accounted for over 80% of total company business. Based on report at the end of 2009,  £32.0 billion is total long-term insurance and savings new business sales and investment sales is  £3.9 billion. PROFIT IFRS operating profit (2009)  [2] Income statement data Amounts in accordance with IFRS 2009  £m 2008  £m 2007  £m 2006  £m 2005  £m Income      Gross written premiums 34,690 36,206 30,991 28,735 26,299 Premiums ceded to reinsurers (2,576 (1,841 (1,658 (1,501 (1,317 Premiums written net of reinsurance 32,114 34,365 29,333 27,234 24,982 Net change in provision for unearned premiums 559 277 (21 93 (123 Net earned premiums 32,673 34,642 29,312 27,327 24,859 Fee and commission income 1,789 1,885 1,760 1,870 1,851 Net investment income/(expense) 24,972 (16,043 9,689 15,908 23,722 Share of (loss)/profit after tax of joint ventures and associates (504 (1,128 (304 485 340 Profit on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates 153 7 49 222 153  59,083 19,363 40,506 45,812 50,925 Expenses   Â  Ãƒâ€š   Claims and benefits paid, net of recoveries from reinsurers (27,549 (29,353 (27,121 (23,444 (19,706 Change in insurance liabilities, net of reinsurance (5,682 3,885 (3,508 (2,594 (10,376 Change in investment contract provisions (11,185 10,629 (2,018 (6,002 (7,814 Change in unallocated divisible surplus (1,547 4,482 2,922 (558 (1,474 Fee and commission expense (4,396 (4,411 (4,244 (5,461 (4,330 Other expenses (5,366 (5,416 (3,473 (3,557 (3,166 Finance costs (1,336 (1,547 (1,217 (856 (609  (57,061 (21,731 (38,659 (42,472 (47,475 Profit/(loss) before tax 2,022 (2,368 1,847 3,340 3,450 Tax attributable to policyholders returns (217 1,068 (15 (346 (922 Profit/(loss) before tax attributable to shareholders profits 1,805 (1,300 1,832 2,994 2,528 Tax attributable to shareholders profits (490 415 (334 (594 (630 Profit/(loss) for the financial year 1,315 (885 1,498 2,400 1,898   Per share Per share Per share Per share Per share Profit/(loss) per share attributable to equity shareholders:      Basic 37.8 (36.8 48.9 88.0 73.5 Diluted 37.5 (36.8 48.5 87.0 72.9    Per share Per share Per share Per share Per share Dividends paid per share  24.0 33.0 33.0 30.0 27.3   Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Number of shares in issue at 31 December 2,767 2,658 2,622 2,566 2,396 Weighted average number of shares in issue for the year 2,705 2,643 2,588 2,469 2,340 Statement of financial position data  [3] 1.4 TREND IN THE NEXT DECADE AVIVAs trend in the next decade is Age demographic trend. Age demographics can influence demand for Avivas different types of products or change pricing models. If a region or countrys demographics lean strongly towards a large proportion of older people, there may be larger demand for pre- and post-retirement insurance, which would affect Avivas sales in terms of volume and type. Age demographics can also influence the pricing models for insurance life Insurance products are more profitable and products return less in countries with low mortality rates. As a result, pricing models need to be adjusted for a country that has growing life expectancy as changing demographics affect, medical severity, and indemnity severity. This trend and any mortality assumptions based on age demographics did not significantly affect business in 2007, 2008, or 2009; however, there will be significant changes with the expansion of Avivas Asia Pacific branch into countries of different age demographic s. 1.5 SUCCESS OF AVIVA SINCE 2007 During 2007, AVIVA acquired subsidiaries in Spain, Italy and the UK in connection with bancassurance agreements with Cajamurcia, Banco Popolare and HSBC. Total consideration for these acquisitions, including costs, was  £397 million. In addition to these acquisitions AVIVA entered into joint venture agreements with local banks in Turkey, Malaysia and Taiwan. Total consideration for these joint ventures was  £208 million. AVIVA disposed of a number of businesses, the most material of which was the contribution of Turkish business, Aviva HE, to Turkish joint venture. This gave rise to a profit on disposal of  £71 million. Other disposals of smaller operations gave rise to a loss on disposal before tax of  £22 million.  [4] During 2008, AVIVA acquired subsidiaries in Ireland, Italy and Belgium. Total consideration for these acquisitions, including costs, was  £189 million. As part of AVIVA strategy to exit non-core operations, AVIVA disposed of HPI Limited and RAC Auto windscreens Limited in the UK and life operations in Luxembourg. Consideration for these disposals was  £126 million, realizing a net profit on disposal of  £7 million.  [5] On 1 October 2009, AVIVA completed the sale of our Australian life and pension business and wealth management platform to the National Australia Bank for A$902 million ( £443 million). On 3 November 2009, AVIVA completed the Initial Public Offering (IPO) of approximately 42% of Delta Lloyd N.V. raising ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.1 billion ( £1 billion). AVIVA also enhance the value and liquidity of retained stake in Delta Lloyd. Delta Lloyd, at the start of the year, sold its health business for  £235 million to OWM CZ Groep Zorgverkeraar UA (CZ). Continuing with the groups strategy to exit non-core operations, AVIVA disposed of the British School of Motoring Limited for a consideration of  £4 million.  [6] During 2010, Aviva reported revenues of  £9.13 billion for the first quarte r, which was higher than analysts estimates of  £8.45 billion in revenue. However, worldwide total sales for quarter 1 2010 of  £12.64 billion decreased 1% from the sales of quarter 1 2009 of  £12.78 billion. The worldwide total sales also rose 16% in quarter 1 2010 from quarter 4 2009, when Aviva generated sales of  £10.90 billion. Aviva benefited from a milder winter in Canada but it estimated the total cost of bad weather as  £50 million for the quarter. UK life insurance sales increased 14% and its investment sales increased 143% from the fourth quarter of 2009. In the US, general insurance sales decreased 48% from the sales of first quarter of 2010 due to Avivas focus on a larger profit instead of a larger sales volume.  [7] 2. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 2.1 Free the Children At Aviva, being a good corporate citizen is essential to long term sustainability. AVIVA provides peace of mind through meaningful insurance products as well as support for communities where employees, customers, brokers and business partners live and work. AVIVA major corporate support is directed to two organizations, United Way and Free The Children. 2.2 Preserving the Environment Managing impact on the environment is another key component of AVIVA corporate responsibility program. Through initiatives to reduce waste and energy, AVIVA has become the first carbon neutral insurer covering worldwide operations. This is done by offsetting our remaining emissions through gaining carbon credits from projects in several countries around the world. AVIVA is engaging with the global challenge to combat climate change and protect the environment. These actions today will affect future generations. Besides that, AVIVA publishs annual group environmen tal performance data against key indicators and targets covering our CO2 emissions, water and waste consumption. AVIVA uses Accounting for Sustainabilitys connected reporting framework, which integrates financial and non financial data to provide a comprehensive account of our impacts. Our carbon footprint boundaries provides clarity on the data what is excluded from our carbon footprint calculations. CRISIS MANAGEMENT As a global company, AVIVA faces a large and diverse number of risks. Each of these risks has the potential to harm financial performance or hinder the achievement of strategic objectives. If AVIVA doesnt manage risk effectively, it is might to miss potential opportunities to further develop and expand business. The type of risks that AVIVA faces are: financial, strategic and operational.  [8] Financial risks cover market and credit risk, insurance risk, liquidity and capital management. Strategic risks include issues such as customer, products and markets as well as any risks to our business model arising from changes in our market and risks arising from mergers and acquisitions. Operational risks arise from inadequately controlled internal processes or systems, human error or non-compliance as well as from external events. Operational risks include taxation, reputation and regulatory risks, such as compliance.  [9] Risk Management Framework AVIVA monitors risks on a regular basis through our Risk Management Framework. The framework includes all risk management processes, systems and tools and helps set standards for identifying, managing and reporting risks and establishing minimum standards for our control environment. This process allows to assess the overall risk exposures AVIVA.  [10] Policies and procedures AVIVA has 35 policies that deal with the management of all risks. These policies define risk appetite and set risk management. Besides that, these policies also control standards for the groups worldwide operations. With equity risk, AVIVA monitors exposures relative to risk appetite and have reduced overall exposures during 2008 by extending portfolio of equity hedges. In orde to manage credit risk, AVIVA measures exposure against centrally set limits, which take account of credit ratings issued by rating agencies. Foreign exchange risk AVIVA set up a policy to face foreign exchange risk is to borrow and derivati ve currency to keep it exposures within these limits. AVIVA hedges specific foreign exchange transaction risks when feeling its appropriate. Besides above risk, AVIVA also has to face to derivatives risk, liquidity risk and some kind of risk in Insuarnce products, such as Insurance Risk Management, Life insurance risk, Longevity risk, Mortality and morbidity risk, Persistency risk, Product design and pricing risk, Expense risk, General insurance risk, Catastrophe risk, Worsening claims ratios, Strategic risks, Operational risks, Supplier risk 4. STRATEGY Our strategy has three key elements: Increasing geographic focus Benefiting from the combination of life and general insurance Building on our core capabilities. This is reinforced by a commitment to clear financial deliverables in the near-term. 4.1 Increasing geographic focus We will focus on 12 markets where we have strength and scale. In determining our focus we will judge markets on their potential to generate both $100 million of IFRS operating profits and a 12% return on capital employed, or $1 billion of franchise value for younger businesses. Europe opportunities focus on eight markets: UK, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, Ireland, Turkey and North America. AVIVA will also focus on growing profits organically in Canada and the US. Besides that, Asia Pacific, China, Taiwan and India are one that we focus on growing franchise value. 4.2 Benefiting from the combination of life and general insurance The combination of our businesses provides capit al benefits by diversifying risks. Aviva can hold 30-40% less capital to write new GI business than the GI business would need to hold on a standalone basis. It is anticipated that this benefit will be reinforced under Solvency II. Building on our core capabilities AVIVA will be succeed by building on four core capabilities: marketing distribution expertise, financial discipline, technical excellence, and operational effectiveness AVIVA strategy gives a clear way forward, but AVIVA is also focused on delivering strong performance in the near-term, so we have set out a number of clear financial deliverables: At least  £1.5 billion operational capital in 2011; Life IRR of at least 12% with payback of 10 years or less; General insurance COR of 97% or better in 2011;  £200 million of cost savings and  £200 million of efficiency savings by the end of 2012. VISION, MISSION, GOALS VISION MISSION AVIVA wants to bring prosperity and peace of mind to our customers through vision: One Aviva, twice the value. By acting responsibly for the long term in how we do business, we will help meet our ambition to provide prosperity and peace of mind to our customers AVIVA aim is for every employee to be able to say At Aviva I am recognized for who I am, and what I contribute matters. Everything AVIVA does revolves around four core values performance, progressiveness, teamwork and integrity. These values capture the day-to-day behaviors we follow, in dealing with each other and with our customers. OUR GOALS Avivas goals is to move company to a global single brand and what it means for customers worldwide. The creation of a single global brand is a key part of delivering One Aviva, twice the value and the implications go far beyond changing the name on brochures or signs.  [11] 5.3 HOW DO WE MOTIVATE OUR EMPLOYEES? AVIVA has a clear purpose to drive a talent leadership and culture-led transformation to deliver exceptional business performance. Aviva has approached this by implementing strategies designed to: Encourage talented people to join Aviva and stay Match the right people to the right roles and take action where there are gaps Empower people to be the best they can be Build pride in Aviva 6. DESIRABILITY AS AN EMPLOYER Working for AVIVA is the dream of so many young peoples, include me. I was attracted to Aviva because of the existing scale of the global business, combined with the strategic vision and ambition to build a global market leading asset manager. Joining an organization that already had a strong platform and broad client base combined with ambitious growth targets provided an opportunity to be part of and contribute to, turning the vision into reality. Aviva provides the opportunity for my development and growth, recognizing individuals with rewarding career paths and a diverse set of opportunities underpinned with clear ldevelopment plans. Aviva is a great place to work and one where I will be recognized as an individual for what I can contribute. Aviva has changed massively from a UK centric organization to a global company. And may be, some days, I will have appotunity to work in UK or some member companies to open my world. Reference sources: https://www.aviva.com/ https://www.wikinvest.com/ https://www.avivainvestors.com/ https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/